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Home > MO Providers > Interventional Cardiologists

Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD

(23 Ratings)

Specializes in: Interventional Cardiology and Adult Cardiology

University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine

901 E 5th Street Suite 2500
Washington, MO 63090

(636) 239-2711

Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD is an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO specializing in interventional cardiology and adult cardiology. He graduated from University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine. Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD is affiliated with Mercy Hospital Jefferson, Mercy Health System and Mercy Hospital Washington.

Office Locations

901 E 5th Street Suite 2500
Washington, MO 63090

(636) 239-2711

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Mercy Hospital Washington

901 Patients First Drive Suite 2500
Washington, MO 63090

(636) 239-2711

(636) 239-3385

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Noteworthy Medicare Patient Procedures Performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2023

Click on any procedure below to see further details on volume and pricing among Medicare patients.

Top 25%

By Affordability:

hospital care

inpatient care

inpatient hospital care

In 2012, Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD had a list price for hospital care, inpatient care, and inpatient hospital care (for patient admitted to hospital) that was lower than the list prices billed to Medicare by 75% of providers in related specialties within Missouri. Actual amounts paid by patients can vary widely depending on a number of factors, including insurance coverage. A lower list price, however, might mean lower fees when paying without insurance.

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2012 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2012 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), stress testing and nuclear scan.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

abdominal imaging	20
ambulatory monitoring	99
blood draw	195
cardiac procedures	2236
cardioversion	29
catheterization	261
diagnostic procedures	182
dialysis access procedures	56
doctor visit	1326
hospital care	410
inpatient care	410
lab tests	570
minimally invasive procedures	382
nuclear scan	665
pelvic imaging	20
preventive care	28
stent placement (stenting)	79
stress testing	885
thyroid function tests	39
ultrasound (sonogram)	1464
vascular procedures	648

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2013 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2013 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), stress testing and nuclear scan.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

abdominal imaging	15
ambulatory monitoring	84
angioplasty	112
blood draw	268
cardiac procedures	2694
cardioversion	46
catheterization	354
diagnostic procedures	159
dialysis access procedures	17
doctor visit	1287
emergency care	27
hospital care	245
inpatient care	245
lab tests	663
minimally invasive procedures	467
nuclear scan	795
pelvic imaging	15
preventive care	36
stent placement (stenting)	112
stress testing	1075
thyroid function tests	34
ultrasound (sonogram)	1530
vascular procedures	446

2013 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1464
Female	1505

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	2885
Black	27
Hispanic	25
Asian	0
Other	18
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	1210
From 75 to 84	940
85 and over	348
Less than 65	471

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2013

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	61
Stroke	11
Ischemic Heart Disease	56
Depression	23
Chronic Kidney Disease	31
Asthma	8
Osteoperosis	8
Atrial Fibrilation	25
Heart Failure	33
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	24
Diabetes	36
Dementia	9
Cancer	11

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2014 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2014 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), stress testing and nuclear scan.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

ambulatory monitoring	78
angioplasty	110
blood draw	258
cardiac procedures	3053
cardioversion	41
catheterization	344
diagnostic procedures	158
dialysis access procedures	21
doctor visit	1392
emergency care	21
hospital care	327
inpatient care	327
lab tests	613
minimally invasive procedures	433
nuclear scan	812
preventive care	36
stent placement (stenting)	110
stress testing	1005
thyroid function tests	36
ultrasound (sonogram)	1983
vascular procedures	506

2014 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1681
Female	1761

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	3322
Black	37
Hispanic	30
Asian	0
Other	25
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	1391
From 75 to 84	1060
85 and over	446
Less than 65	545

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2014

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	57
Stroke	11
Ischemic Heart Disease	55
Depression	25
Chronic Kidney Disease	33
Asthma	8
Osteoperosis	8
Atrial Fibrilation	25
Heart Failure	33
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	25
Diabetes	37
Dementia	10
Cancer	11

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2015 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2015 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), stress testing and nuclear scan.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

ambulatory monitoring	72
angioplasty	140
blood draw	201
cardiac procedures	3021
cardioversion	51
catheterization	430
diagnostic procedures	185
doctor visit	1623
emergency care	22
hospital care	232
inpatient care	232
lab tests	562
minimally invasive procedures	513
nuclear scan	652
preventive care	22
stent placement (stenting)	140
stress testing	970
thyroid function tests	16
ultrasound (sonogram)	1871
vascular procedures	490

2015 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	3178
Female	3172

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	6176
Black	0
Hispanic	52
Asian	30
Other	44
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	2616
From 75 to 84	1932
85 and over	836
Less than 65	966

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2015

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	55
Stroke	11
Ischemic Heart Disease	57
Depression	23
Chronic Kidney Disease	33
Asthma	16
Osteoperosis	8
Atrial Fibrilation	22
Heart Failure	31
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	25
Diabetes	34
Dementia	11
Cancer	11

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2016 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2016 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and vascular procedures.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

abdominal imaging	11
ambulatory monitoring	101
angioplasty	154
blood draw	255
cardiac procedures	2737
cardioversion	48
catheterization	463
diagnostic procedures	219
dialysis access procedures	28
doctor visit	1522
emergency care	13
hospital care	320
inpatient care	320
lab tests	791
minimally invasive procedures	554
nuclear scan	378
pelvic imaging	11
preventive care	24
stent placement (stenting)	154
stress testing	602
thyroid function tests	25
ultrasound (sonogram)	1904
vascular procedures	610

2016 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1457
Female	1498

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	2869
Black	20
Hispanic	28
Asian	0
Other	21
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	1207
From 75 to 84	921
85 and over	394
Less than 65	433

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2016

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	54
Stroke	11
Ischemic Heart Disease	57
Depression	25
Chronic Kidney Disease	39
Asthma	27
Osteoperosis	8
Atrial Fibrilation	23
Heart Failure	35
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	26
Diabetes	36
Dementia	14
Cancer	11

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2017 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2017 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and minimally invasive procedures.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

ambulatory monitoring	84
angioplasty	190
blood draw	216
cardiac procedures	2441
cardioversion	56
catheterization	469
diagnostic procedures	178
doctor visit	1456
hospital care	335
implant surgery	16
inpatient care	297
lab tests	884
minimally invasive procedures	557
nuclear scan	202
outpatient care	38
preventive care	17
stent placement (stenting)	166
stress testing	331
thyroid function tests	29
ultrasound (sonogram)	1749
vascular procedures	446

2017 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1365
Female	1303

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	2572
Black	21
Hispanic	23
Asian	0
Other	32
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	1084
From 75 to 84	863
85 and over	345
Less than 65	376

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2017

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	48
Stroke	12
Ischemic Heart Disease	57
Depression	26
Chronic Kidney Disease	42
Asthma	7
Osteoperosis	8
Atrial Fibrilation	27
Heart Failure	37
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	25
Diabetes	36
Dementia	14
Cancer	11

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2018 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2018 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and hospital care.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

ambulatory monitoring	54
angioplasty	130
blood draw	215
cardiac procedures	2018
cardioversion	36
catheterization	356
diagnostic procedures	161
doctor visit	1465
hospital care	496
implant surgery	15
inpatient care	459
lab tests	1010
minimally invasive procedures	446
nuclear scan	204
outpatient care	37
preventive care	22
stent placement (stenting)	130
stress testing	263
thyroid function tests	24
ultrasound (sonogram)	1471
vascular procedures	429

2018 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1343
Female	1193

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	2433
Black	21
Hispanic	27
Asian	0
Other	33
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	1001
From 75 to 84	849
85 and over	359
Less than 65	327

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2018

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	57
Stroke	11
Ischemic Heart Disease	57
Depression	25
Chronic Kidney Disease	43
Asthma	6
Osteoperosis	9
Atrial Fibrilation	28
Heart Failure	38
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	26
Diabetes	38
Dementia	13
Cancer	12

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2019 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2019 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and stress testing.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

ambulatory monitoring	40
angioplasty	180
blood draw	219
cardiac procedures	2648
cardioversion	34
catheterization	462
diagnostic procedures	169
doctor visit	1707
emergency care	12
hospital care	437
inpatient care	418
lab tests	1038
minimally invasive procedures	543
nuclear scan	189
outpatient care	19
preventive care	27
stent placement (stenting)	180
stress testing	562
thyroid function tests	15
ultrasound (sonogram)	1649
vascular procedures	403

2019 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1546
Female	1394

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	2838
Black	21
Hispanic	27
Asian	0
Other	39
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	1230
From 75 to 84	953
85 and over	411
Less than 65	346

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2019

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	59
Stroke	11
Ischemic Heart Disease	58
Depression	24
Chronic Kidney Disease	44
Asthma	6
Osteoperosis	9
Atrial Fibrilation	26
Heart Failure	38
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	25
Diabetes	37
Dementia	13
Cancer	12

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2020 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2020 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and minimally invasive procedures.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

angioplasty	134
blood draw	131
cardiac procedures	1736
cardioversion	35
catheterization	360
diagnostic procedures	145
doctor visit	1323
emergency care	14
hospital care	350
inpatient care	325
lab tests	880
minimally invasive procedures	435
nuclear scan	140
outpatient care	25
preventive care	24
stent placement (stenting)	134
stress testing	339
thyroid function tests	14
ultrasound (sonogram)	1038
vascular procedures	284

2020 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1162
Female	937

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	2033
Black	17
Hispanic	19
Asian	0
Other	17
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	912
From 75 to 84	697
85 and over	276
Less than 65	214

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2020

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	64
Stroke	10
Ischemic Heart Disease	60
Depression	28
Chronic Kidney Disease	44
Asthma	8
Osteoperosis	10
Atrial Fibrilation	27
Heart Failure	39
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	23
Diabetes	37
Dementia	14
Cancer	13

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2021 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2021 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and minimally invasive procedures.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

angioplasty	112
blood draw	94
cardiac procedures	1579
cardioversion	30
catheterization	283
diagnostic procedures	103
doctor visit	1079
emergency care	12
hospital care	198
inpatient care	198
lab tests	864
minimally invasive procedures	341
nuclear scan	166
preventive care	12
stent placement (stenting)	112
stress testing	202
thyroid function tests	15
ultrasound (sonogram)	1107
vascular procedures	290

2021 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1035
Female	893

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	1873
Black	0
Hispanic	13
Asian	0
Other	25
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	805
From 75 to 84	670
85 and over	302
Less than 65	151

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2021

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	69
Stroke	10
Ischemic Heart Disease	60
Depression	28
Chronic Kidney Disease	45
Asthma	7
Osteoperosis	12
Atrial Fibrilation	27
Heart Failure	39
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	22
Diabetes	36
Dementia	16
Cancer	15

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

2022 Medicare Procedure Volume

The top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO during 2022 were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and minimally invasive procedures.

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

angioplasty	62
blood draw	45
cardiac procedures	1444
cardioversion	25
catheterization	194
diagnostic procedures	101
doctor visit	710
hospital care	173
inpatient care	144
lab tests	338
minimally invasive procedures	246
nuclear scan	146
outpatient care	29
stent placement (stenting)	62
stress testing	172
ultrasound (sonogram)	1101
vascular procedures	239

2022 Medicare Patient Data

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	931
Female	841

**Ethnicity**
Non-Hispanic White	1722
Black	0
Hispanic	14
Asian	0
Other	23
Native American	0

**Age**
From 65 to 74	729
From 75 to 84	631
85 and over	270
Less than 65	142

Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD in 2022

Hypertension	75
High Cholesterol	75
Stroke	14
Ischemic Heart Disease	48
Depression	28
Chronic Kidney Disease	34
Asthma	10
Osteoperosis	17
Atrial Fibrilation	37
Heart Failure	35
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	24
Diabetes	35
Dementia	9
Cancer	18

Medicare Procedure and Patient Information

Average Medicare Procedure Volume From 2012 - 2022

Volume of procedures performed by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD for Medicare patients.

The highest averages for the top procedures that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated as an interventional cardiologist in Washington, MO were cardiac procedures, ultrasound (sonogram), lab tests and stress testing.

abdominal imaging	15
ambulatory monitoring	76
angioplasty	132
blood draw	190
cardiac procedures	2327
cardioversion	39
catheterization	361
diagnostic procedures	160
dialysis access procedures	30
doctor visit	1353
emergency care	17
hospital care	320
implant surgery	15
inpatient care	306
lab tests	746
minimally invasive procedures	447
nuclear scan	395
outpatient care	29
pelvic imaging	15
preventive care	24
stent placement (stenting)	125
stress testing	582
thyroid function tests	24
ultrasound (sonogram)	1533
vascular procedures	435

Average Medicare Patient Data From 2012 - 2022

Information about Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD.

**Gender**
Male	1378
Female	1317

**Ethnicity**
Black / African American	14
Asian / Pacific Islander	2
Non-Hispanic White	2611
Hispanic	23
Native American / Alaskan Native	0
Other	25

**Age**
75 to 84	865
85 and over	362
Less than 65	361
65 to 74	1107

Average of Total of Conditions of Medicare patients treated by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD From 2012 - 2022

The highest averages of the most common conditions of Medicare patients that Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD treated were hypertension, high cholesterol, ischemic heart disease and chronic kidney disease.

Hypertension	68
High Cholesterol	54
Stroke	10
Ischemic Heart Disease	51
Depression	23
Chronic Kidney Disease	35
Asthma	9
Osteoporosis	8
Heart Failure	32
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	22
Diabetes	32
Atrial Fibrillation	24
Cancer	11
Dementia	11

Education & Training

Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD graduated from University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine. He completed residency at St. Louis University (SLU) Affiliated Hospitals. He is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease) and has a state license in Missouri.

Medical School: University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine

Residency: St. Louis University (SLU) Affiliated Hospitals

Board Certification: American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease)

Licensed In: Missouri

Affiliations & Hospitals

Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD is associated with these hospitals and organizations:

Mercy Hospital Jefferson

Mercy Health System

Mercy Hospital Washington

Insurance Information

Please note: Insurance information may change at any time, and the provider may accept your insurance plan even if it is not listed below. Please contact the provider's office to confirm that your insurance is accepted.

Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD appears to accept the following insurance providers: WellCare Medicare Advantage, United Healthcare, Aetna, Humana, Cigna, Anthem, HealthLink, Health Net Federal, HFN, Private Healthcare Systems (PHCS), Home State Health, Medica, Healthy Blue (formerly Missouri Care), NHC Advantage, Live360 (Health Choices Network), Sterling Medicare, Essence, PPHP (Provider Partners Health Plan) and Ascension Smart Health.

Insurance Accepted by Provider includes:

According to our sources, Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD accepts the following insurance providers:

WellCare Medicare Advantage

United Healthcare

Aetna

Humana

Cigna

Anthem

HealthLink

Health Net Federal

HFN

Private Healthcare Systems (PHCS)

Home State Health

Medica

Healthy Blue (formerly Missouri Care)

NHC Advantage

Live360 (Health Choices Network)

Sterling Medicare

Essence

PPHP (Provider Partners Health Plan)

Ascension Smart Health

Ratings & Reviews

Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD has an exceptional overall rating with an average of 5.0 out of 5 stars based on 23 ratings. We collect ratings and reviews of Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD from all over the web to help you find the right in Washington, MO.

Overall Rating

(23 Ratings)

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General Payments

These charts describe general payments received by Dr. Stephen Cade Kuehn, MD. Doctors may receive payments for a number of reasons, including meal compensation, travel compensation, and consulting.

**Payments by Company**
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc	$11,203 XARELTO $11,078	INVOKANA $125
Boston Scientific Corporation	$4,027 AVVIGO Guidance System $501	GENERAL - THERAPIES $493	SYNERGY $443	GENERAL - ATHERECTOMY $222	WATCHMAN $192	Other $2,175
BIOTRONIK INC.	$3,980 PK Papyrus $497	Astron; Pulsar; AstronPulsar $245	Pulsar $76	Orsiro Mission $48	$3,115
Medtronic Vascular, Inc.	$3,436 CoreValve Evolut $3,024	STENTS $214	Reveal LINQ $100	Cardiac Monitors - Insertable $45	Pacemakers $28	Other $25
Philips Electronics North America Corporation	$3,031 ELCA $1,491	(9266) ELCA $445	IGT D Coronary $299	(6585) Omniwire $249	(6575) Coronary Undivided $186	Other $362
Other	$22,942 ELIQUIS $2,443	Repatha $1,469	Impella $1,384	ENTRESTO $1,118	LifeVest $1,009	Other $15,519

**Types of Payments**
Food and Beverage	$34,853
Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program	$8,985
Travel and Lodging	$4,401
Education	$306
Gift	$74

Biography

Dr. Stephen Kuehn is a physician who specializes in adult cardiology and interventional cardiology. Patient ratings for Dr. Kuehn average 5.0 stars (out of 5). He accepts several insurance carriers, including Anthem, Blue California, and HFN. Before completing his residency at a hospital affiliated with St. Louis University (SLU), Dr. Kuehn attended medical school at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine. He is affiliated with Mercy Hospital Washington and Mercy Hospital Jefferson.